Male infertility is more common than you might think—and it can stem from a wide range of causes. From hormonal imbalances to lifestyle choices, understanding what affects male reproductive health is the first step toward finding solutions. In this post, we’ll explore the top 10 causes of male infertility and the factors that can influence fertility over time

1. Varicocele: Enlarged Veins in the Scrotum

Varicocele is one of the most common—yet reversible—causes of male infertility. It refers to enlarged veins within the scrotum, which can negatively affect sperm quantity and quality. Treating varicocele can significantly improve fertility in many cases.

2. Infections and Inflammation

Infections such as epididymitis, orchitis, gonorrhea, and even HIV can interfere with sperm production and function. Some infections may also leave behind scarring that blocks sperm flow, and in severe cases, they may permanently damage the testes.

3. Genetic Disorders

Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions, and muscular dystrophies can cause little to no sperm production. These genetic conditions are often diagnosed through blood tests and genetic screening.

4. Hormonal Imbalances

Your body relies on a delicate hormonal balance to produce sperm. Disorders of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland can disrupt the production of sperm-regulating hormones. In some cases, tumors or hormone therapy can also contribute to infertility.

5. Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism)

In some men, one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development. This condition, known as cryptorchidism, can impair fertility later in life if not corrected early.

6. Blockages in the Reproductive Tract

Sperm travels through a complex system of ducts. Blockages in any part of this pathway—whether due to past surgery, infections, trauma, or developmental issues—can prevent sperm from reaching the semen. These blockages can occur in the testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, or even the urethra.

7. Sexual Function Issues

Problems like erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, pain during intercourse, anatomical abnormalities, or psychological factors can hinder the ability to successfully have intercourse and ejaculate sperm.

8. Chromosomal Abnormalities

Some men are born with chromosomal irregularities, such as Klinefelter syndrome (XXY instead of XY), which affect the development of reproductive organs. Other genetic conditions, like cystic fibrosis or Kallmann syndrome, can also impact fertility.

9. Tumors and Cancer Treatments

Cancers and benign tumors can directly affect male reproductive organs. Treatments like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the testicles may damage sperm production or block the sperm’s ability to fertilize an egg.

10. Hormonal Disorders

Conditions such as Cushing’s syndrome, pituitary tumors, and adrenal gland disorders—or long-term use of corticosteroids—can disrupt hormone levels. Overexposure to estrogen, testosterone supplements, or anabolic steroids can also lead to infertility.

Other Risk Factors That Can Impact Male Fertility

• Radiation & X-rays: High-dose exposure can permanently reduce sperm production.

• Heavy Metal Exposure: Lead and other toxic metals can impair fertility.

• Industrial Chemicals: Long-term exposure to pesticides, herbicides, solvents, and paint is linked to low sperm count.

• Medications: Some drugs, including testosterone therapy, chemotherapy, and certain medications for ulcers or arthritis, may reduce fertility.

• Testicular Injury: Trauma to the testicles can harm sperm-producing tissues.

• Unhealthy Habits: Smoking, heavy drinking, and drug use (e.g., marijuana, opioids) can all impair sperm production.

• Age & Weight: Men over 40 or those who are overweight/obese may face increased fertility challenges.

What You Can Do

If you’re facing fertility challenges, know that many of the causes of male infertility are treatable or manageable. Whether through medical treatment, lifestyle adjustments, or hormone regulation, there are paths to improving your reproductive health.

Remember, fertility is a shared journey that often involves both partners. Nikki Zhang, LAc is the experience speciality for fertility for both men and women. Visit link to find out more detail of our fertility service.